Whenever we hear “appendix”, one thinks of appendicitis, not appendix cancer. No one thinks of cancer when suffering from any problem, but it should not be overlooked.
What is Appendix?
The appendix is a small, tube-shaped sac that connects to the colon at the start of the large intestine. Although its function is not fully understood, some researchers believe it may play a role in the body’s immune system.
Have you ever thought about the purpose of the appendix in our body? Although it was previously believed to be an organ used by our herbivorous ancestors, recent research has provided evidence for a new theory.
The appendix is now thought to serve as a sanctuary for beneficial bacteria. In cases of severe diarrhoea, the appendix replenishes and restarts the gut with good bacteria, preventing harmful bacteria from taking over.
What is Appendix Cancer?
Appendix cancer happens when the cells in the appendix begin to grow uncontrollably and form a tissue growth known as a tumour. It is also known as appendiceal cancer. There are two types of tumours: cancerous and benign.
A cancerous tumour has the potential to spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumour can grow, but it won’t spread.
Types of Appendix Cancer
Here are three types of tumours that can develop in the appendix:
- Carcinoid tumours (commonly known as neuroendocrine tumours): These are rare cancerous growths that typically grow slowly. About half of all appendix cancers fall under this category. Carcinoid tumours can often remain undetected for many years before being diagnosed.
2, Mucinous neoplasms: There are two types, one has benign conditions like appendix mucoceles, and the other is those with precancerous potentials, such as low-grade mucinous neoplasms (LAMN) of the appendix.
- Appendix adenocarcinoma: These tumours originate from the cells that line the inner surface of the appendix. Among these, there is a very rare and aggressive subset known as signet ring cell adenocarcinoma.
Symptoms of Appendix Cancer
Symptoms may vary from person to person. They may also vary depending on the type and stage of the cancer. People may see the following symptoms:
- Abdominal pain: This is one of the most common symptoms. The pain may start as a dull ache around the belly button and then move to the lower right side of the abdomen.
- Changes in bowel habits: You may experience changes in your bowel movements, such as constipation or diarrhoea.
- Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without doing anything.
- Appetite loss: A sudden loss of appetite or feeling full after eating small amounts of food.
- Abdominal swelling or bloating: You may notice an increase in the size of your abdomen.
- Nausea and vomiting: Persistent nausea and vomiting.
- Fatigue and weakness: Feeling unusually tired and weak can be a symptom of advanced appendix cancer.
- Palpable mass: In some instances, a lump or mass may be felt in the abdomen.
Risk Factors for Appendix Cancer
The exact cause of appendix cancer is often unknown and is considered a relatively rare type of cancer. There are also no certain factors which definitely point towards an increases risk.
However, certain factors may be associated with a slightly higher risk, although the overall risk remains low. These potential risk factors include:
- Age: It is most commonly diagnosed in people between the ages of 30 and 60.
- Gender: Some studies suggest that females may have a slightly higher risk of developing appendix cancer compared to males.
- Genetic conditions: In some cases, appendix cancer may be associated with genetic conditions, such as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome.
- Family history: A family history of appendix cancer or other gastrointestinal cancers may slightly increase the risk.
- Inflammatory conditions: Chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, may be associated with a higher risk of appendix cancer.
It’s essential to understand that having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t guarantee that a person will develop appendix cancer. Conversely, many individuals diagnosed with appendix cancer may have no known risk factors.
Takeaway
Although appendix cancer is rare, being informed about its risk factors, types, and symptoms empowers individuals to stay vigilant.
Early detection, proper diagnosis, and a comprehensive treatment plan can significantly improve the chances of successful outcomes and better quality of life for those affected.