Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that affects the ovaries, which are small reproductive organs located in a woman’s pelvis. It is a term used to describe a group of illnesses that develop in the ovaries, as well as in the fallopian tubes and the peritoneum, which are closely related areas. Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women and is the fifth most common cancer affecting women in India.
Among women aged 40 to 60 in India, ovarian cancer is a prevalent cancer. Experts estimate that ovarian cancer will affect one out of every 70 women in India during her lifetime. Unfortunately, the incidence of ovarian cancer is on the rise in India, with a yearly growth rate of 5 to 6 percent.
What are the Ovaries?
The ovaries are small reproductive organs located in a woman’s pelvis. They are responsible for producing eggs, and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Each ovary is about the size of an almond and is located on either side of the uterus. Three main types of cells make up the ovaries, and each of these cells can create its type of tumor:
- Epithelial tumours: These come from the cells that cover the outer part of the ovary. Most ovarian tumours fall under this category.
- Germ cell tumours: These come from the cells that produce eggs.
- Stromal tumours: These come from the cells that hold the ovary together and make the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Not all tumours are cancerous. Some tumours are benign, meaning they’re not cancerous and won’t spread beyond the ovary. But, on the other hand, there are also malignant or borderline tumours that can spread to other parts of the body and can be dangerous.
Types of Ovarian Cancers
There are several types of ovarian cancers, each with its unique characteristics and treatment options. The most common types are:
- Epithelial ovarian cancer: This is the most common type of ovarian cancer, accounting for about 90% of all cases. It originates from the cells that line the outer surface of the ovary.
- Germ cell ovarian cancer: This type of cancer starts in the cells that produce eggs and is less common than epithelial ovarian cancer.
- Stromal ovarian cancer: This type of cancer starts in the cells that produce hormones and make up the supporting structure of the ovary. It is the least common type of ovarian cancer.
- Metastatic ovarian cancer: This is not a primary type of ovarian cancer but rather secondary cancer that has spread from another part of the body to the ovary.
Doctors often refer to ovarian cancer as the ‘silent killer‘ because it often doesn’t show any noticeable symptoms in its early stages. The symptoms that do occur can be similar to those of many other conditions, making it difficult to diagnose.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer can be challenging to diagnose early on due to its subtle and unspecific symptoms. Look out for the following signs:
- Bloating: Feeling full or pressure in the belly that persists even after eating a small meal.
- Abdominal pain: This can range from mild discomfort to severe pain and can be felt in the lower belly or pelvis.
- Changes in bowel movements: Constipation, diarrhoea, or a change in frequency can be a sign.
- Fatigue: A persistent feeling of tiredness or weakness, even after adequate sleep.
- Weight loss: Unintended weight loss without changes to diet or exercise, accompanied by a loss of appetite.
- Changes in bladder function: Urging to urinate more often or a sudden urgency to go.
- Nausea and vomiting: Due to bloating or abdominal pressure.
- Menstrual changes: Irregular periods or heavy bleeding can be a symptom.
The symptoms of ovarian cancer are often subtle and non-specific, making it difficult to diagnose in its early stages. Diagnosing ovarian cancer often involves a combination of tests, including a pelvic exam, ultrasound, and blood tests to measure the levels of a protein called CA-125. If these tests suggest the presence of ovarian cancer, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for Ovarian Cancer
In the treatment of ovarian cancer, a combination of surgery and chemotherapy is usually the norm. The specific type of surgery and the extent of the procedure will depend on the stage of cancer and the patient’s overall health. Chemotherapy helps to eliminate any remaining cancer cells and minimize the likelihood of cancer recurring.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in alternative treatments for ovarian cancer, including Ayurveda. Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that has been utilized for thousands of years to treat various health issues.
The Ayurvedic treatment for ovarian cancer might include herbal remedies, diet modifications, and lifestyle changes. Some of the most commonly used herbs in Ayurveda for ovarian cancer are ashwagandha, Shatavari, and turmeric. These herbs are believed to enhance the immune system and promote overall health.
Dietary changes in Ayurveda typically involve reducing the intake of unhealthy foods and increasing the intake of fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Additionally, doctors often advise women with ovarian cancer to avoid certain foods that can weaken the immune system and promote the growth of cancer cells, such as sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. Lifestyle modifications in Ayurveda may include regular exercise, meditation, and stress-reducing activities such as yoga. Believers hold that these practices help balance the body and mind and enhance overall health and well-being.
Many women have reported positive results, including improved symptoms, increased energy, and reduced risk of cancer recurrence, despite limited evidence supporting the effectiveness of Ayurveda in treating ovarian cancer.
Conclusion
Ovarian cancer is a serious and life-threatening disease that requires immediate attention if detected. It is important for women to be aware of the symptoms and risk factors associated, and to seek medical help promptly if they notice any symptoms. Early detection and treatment are key to improving outcomes and survival rates for women with ovarian cancer.