Sarcoma is a rare and often overlooked form of cancer. It arises in the bones and soft tissues, including muscles, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons, and the lining of joints.
Unlike more common cancers such as breast or lung cancer, sarcoma often remains in the shadows, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment.
As we observe Sarcoma Awareness Month, we must shed light on this “forgotten cancer,” understanding its causes, symptoms, types, and the importance of early detection.
What is Sarcoma?
Sarcoma is a malignant tumour that develops in various tissues of the body.
There are two main types: bone sarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas. Soft tissue sarcomas are more common and can occur in any body part, but they are most frequently found in the arms, legs, and abdomen. Bone sarcomas, such as osteosarcoma, primarily affect the bones.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of sarcoma is still not entirely understood, but there are several risk factors:
– Genetic Factors: Certain inherited conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, and familial adenomatous polyposis, increase the risk of developing sarcoma.
– Radiation Exposure: Previous radiation therapy for other cancers can increase the risk in the treated area.
– Chemical Exposure: Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, such as vinyl chloride, arsenic, and dioxins, is associated with a higher risk of sarcoma.
– Chronic Swelling: Lymphedema, or long-term swelling of the arms or legs, can increase the risk of developing angiosarcoma, a type of soft tissue sarcoma.
Symptoms of Sarcoma
The symptoms of sarcoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumour. Some common signs include:
– A Lump or Swelling: A painless lump or swelling in the soft tissue or bones that grows over time is a common symptom. However, not all lumps are cancerous.
– Pain: Bone sarcomas may cause persistent pain, especially at night or with activity.
– Limited Mobility: Tumours near joints may cause difficulty in movement or reduced range of motion.
– Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden weight loss without a clear reason can be a sign of various cancers, including sarcoma.
– Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest.
Types of Sarcoma
There are over 50 different types of sarcoma, categorised mainly into bone sarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas. Understanding different Sarcoma can help in finding a better suited treatment plan.
– Osteosarcoma: A type of bone sarcoma typically affects the long bones in the arms and legs, commonly in children and young adults.
– Ewing Sarcoma: Another bone cancer that occurs in children and young adults, affecting bones or the soft tissue around bones.
– Liposarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that develops in fat cells, often in the abdomen or thighs.
– Leiomyosarcoma: A cancer of smooth muscle cells, commonly found in the uterus, stomach, and intestines.
– Rhabdomyosarcoma: A cancer that arises from skeletal muscle tissue, more frequently found in children.
Importance of Early Detection
Early detection of sarcoma significantly improves the chances of successful treatment.
Unfortunately, due to its rarity and the nonspecific nature of its symptoms, sarcoma is often diagnosed at a later stage. Regular check-ups and attention to persistent, unusual symptoms can aid in early detection.
Treatment Options
The treatment for sarcoma depends on the type, location, and stage of the cancer. Common treatments include:
– Surgery: The primary treatment for most sarcomas, involves the removal of the tumour and some surrounding healthy tissue.
– Radiation Therapy: Used to shrink tumours before surgery or to kill remaining cancer cells post-surgery.
– Chemotherapy: Often used for sarcomas that have spread or are difficult to remove surgically.
– Targeted Therapy: Uses drugs to target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and spread.
Raising Awareness and Supporting Research
Sarcoma Awareness Month is a crucial time to educate the public about this rare cancer, support those affected, and encourage research into better treatments and potential cures.
By spreading knowledge and understanding, we can hope to improve the outcomes for those diagnosed with sarcoma and contribute to the fight against this challenging disease.